Hits ?▲ |
Authors |
Title |
Venue |
Year |
Link |
Author keywords |
79 | Melanie Tory, David W. Sprague, Fuqu Wu, Wing Yan So, Tamara Munzner |
Spatialization Design: Comparing Points and Landscapes. |
IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Information Landscape, Numerosity, Greyscale, User Study, 3D, Surface, Points, Spatialization, Colour, 2D |
78 | Philippos Tsalides, Maria I. Vardavoulia, Ioannis Andreadis |
Vector Ordering and Morphological Operations for Colour Image Processing: Fundamentals and Applications. |
Pattern Anal. Appl. |
2002 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Colour image processing, Vector ordering, Mathematical morphology |
71 | Tomihisa Welsh, Michael Ashikhmin, Klaus Mueller 0001 |
Transferring color to greyscale images. |
ACM Trans. Graph. |
2002 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
image processing, video, color, texture synthesis |
56 | Valérie De Witte, Stefan Schulte 0001, Mike Nachtegael, Tom Mélange, Etienne E. Kerre |
A Lattice-Based Approach to Mathematical Morphology for Greyscale and Colour Images. |
Computational Intelligence Based on Lattice Theory |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
40 | Jean Cardinal |
Fast fractal compression of greyscale images. |
IEEE Trans. Image Process. |
2001 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
33 | Alia Fisher, Patricia L. McDermott, Shane Fagan |
Bandwidth allocation in a military teleoperation task. |
HRI |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
greyscale, human-robot interaction, color, resolution, teleoperation, frame rate |
31 | Simon K. Alexander, Edward R. Vrscay, Satoshi Tsurumi |
A Simple, General Model for the Affine Self-similarity of Images. |
ICIAR |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
31 | Stefan Schulte 0001, Bruno Huysmans, Aleksandra Pizurica, Etienne E. Kerre, Wilfried Philips |
A New Fuzzy-Based Wavelet Shrinkage Image Denoising Technique. |
ACIVS |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
31 | Gerasimos Louverdis, Ioannis Andreadis |
Soft Morphological Filtering Using a Fuzzy Model and its Application to Colour Image Processing. |
Pattern Anal. Appl. |
2004 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Colour image processing, Soft mathematical morphology, Edge detection, Fuzzy systems, Noise elimination |
31 | Stuart E. Gibson, Richard W. Harvey, Graham D. Finlayson |
Convex Colour Sieves. |
Scale-Space |
2003 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Manali Roy, Susanta Mukhopadhyay |
A DCT-based multiscale framework for 2D greyscale image fusion using morphological differential features. |
Vis. Comput. |
2024 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Zhigang Lv, Liangliang Li, Hongxi Wang, Peng Wang, Jianheng Li, Lei Shu, Xiaoyan Li |
A pseudo-colour enhancement algorithm for high-bit RAW greyscale image of X-ray film displaying on low-bit monitors. |
IET Image Process. |
2023 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Borut Zalik, Damjan Strnad, David Podgorelec, Ivana Kolingerová, Luka Lukac, Niko Lukac, Simon Kolmanic, Krista Rizman Zalik, Stefan Kohek |
A New Transformation Technique for Reducing Information Entropy: A Case Study on Greyscale Raster Images. |
Entropy |
2023 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Yanan Wang, Yi Luo, Jia Ren |
Research on application of spatial attention mechanism in the super-resolution reconstruction of single-channel greyscale image of mouse brain. |
Int. J. Wirel. Mob. Comput. |
2022 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Mohinder Kumar, Manish Kumar Jindal, Munish Kumar |
A Novel Attack on Monochrome and Greyscale Devanagari CAPTCHAs. |
ACM Trans. Asian Low Resour. Lang. Inf. Process. |
2021 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Jing Zhang, Xinchang Guo, Chufeng Zhang, Peng Liu 0036 |
A vehicle detection and shadow elimination method based on greyscale information, edge information, and prior knowledge. |
Comput. Electr. Eng. |
2021 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Arturs Putnins, Håvard Tveite |
Extracting and visualising glacial ice flow directions from Digital Elevation Models using greyscale thinning and directional trend analyses. |
Comput. Geosci. |
2021 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Jian-Feng Shi, Steve Ulrich, Stéphane Ruel |
Real-time saliency detection for greyscale and colour images. |
Vis. Comput. |
2021 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Xin Ding, Qiong Zhang, William J. Welch |
Classification Beats Regression: Counting of Cells from Greyscale Microscopic Images Based on Annotation-Free Training Samples. |
CICAI |
2021 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Sichen Tao, Riku Inoue, Yuki Todo, Zheng Tang |
A Motion Direction Detective Mechanism for Greyscale Images. |
SPML |
2021 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Wei Zhou, Yi Tian, Xiaolu Cai, Zhenyu Fei |
Grayscale contrast enhancement based on greyscale-based contrast-to-noise ratio. |
Medical Imaging: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment |
2021 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Dariusz Frejlichowski |
Application of a New Greyscale Descriptor for Recognition of Erythrocytes Extracted from Digital Microscopic Images. |
J. WSCG |
2020 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Xin Ding, Qiong Zhang, William J. Welch |
Classification Beats Regression: Counting of Cells from Greyscale Microscopic Images based on Annotation-free Training Samples. |
CoRR |
2020 |
DBLP BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Artur Szalowski, Dorel Picovici |
Testing performance of multicolour checkerboard flickers against their greyscale versions for SSVEP-based BCI. |
BCI |
2019 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Dariusz Frejlichowski |
Low-Level Greyscale Image Descriptors Applied for Intelligent and Contextual Approaches. |
ACIIDS (2) |
2019 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Lintao Liu, Yuliang Lu, Xuehu Yan, Huaixi Wang |
Greyscale-images-oriented progressive secret sharing based on the linear congruence equation. |
Multim. Tools Appl. |
2018 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Ivar Farup, Marius Pedersen, Ali Alsam |
Colour-to-Greyscale Image Conversion by Linear Anisotropic Diffusion of Perceptual Colour Metrics. |
CVCS |
2018 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Dariusz Frejlichowski |
A New Algorithm for Greyscale Objects Representation by Means of the Polar Transform and Vertical and Horizontal Projections. |
ACIIDS (2) |
2018 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Guilherme C. S. Ruppert, Giovani Chiachia, Felipe P. G. Bergo, Fernanda O. Favretto, Clarissa L. Yasuda, Anderson Rocha 0001, Alexandre X. Falcão |
Medical image registration based on watershed transform from greyscale marker and multi-scale parameter search. |
Comput. methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. Imaging Vis. |
2017 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Bertrand Kerautret, Phuc Ngo 0001, Yukiko Kenmochi, Antoine Vacavant |
Greyscale Image Vectorization from Geometric Digital Contour Representations. |
DGCI |
2017 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Carlos Díaz de Leon-Zuloaga, Lilia Roselia Prado León |
Comparison Between Color and Greyscale Interfaces: Recipe Usability for a Dietary Plan in Diabetics. |
AHFE (23) |
2017 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Herman R. Schubert, Jasper J. van de Gronde, Jos B. T. M. Roerdink |
Efficient Computation of Greyscale Path Openings. |
Math. Morphol. Theory Appl. |
2016 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Feng Wang 0020, Wan-Li Lyu, Jeng-Shyang Pan 0001 |
Robust image authentication scheme with self-repair capability for greyscale source document images via PNG format. |
IET Image Process. |
2016 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Antoine Manzanera, Thanh Phuong Nguyen, Xiaolei Xu |
Line and circle detection using dense one-to-one Hough transforms on greyscale images. |
EURASIP J. Image Video Process. |
2016 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Jasper J. van de Gronde, Herman R. Schubert, Jos B. T. M. Roerdink |
Fast Computation of Greyscale Path Openings. |
ISMM |
2015 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Dariusz Frejlichowski |
Application of the Polar-Fourier Greyscale Descriptor to the Automatic Traffic Sign Recognition. |
ICIAR |
2015 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Ziran Wu, J. Robinson |
Edge-preserving colour-to-greyscale conversion. |
IET Image Process. |
2014 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Muthu Rama Krishnan Mookiah, U. Rajendra Acharya, Joel E. W. Koh, Vinod Chandran, Chua Kuang Chua, Jen Hong Tan, Choo Min Lim, Eddie-Yin-Kwee Ng, Kevin Noronha, Louis Tong, Augustinus Laude |
Automated diagnosis of Age-related Macular Degeneration using greyscale features from digital fundus images. |
Comput. Biol. Medicine |
2014 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | P. Murray, S. Marshall |
Using noise models to estimate rank parameters for rank order greyscale hit-or-miss transforms. |
ISCCSP |
2014 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | John Thornton 0001, Andrew Srbic |
Spatial pooling for greyscale images. |
Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern. |
2013 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Suraya Abu Bakar, Muhammad Suzuri Hitam, Wan Nural Jawahir Hj Wan Yussof |
Content-Based Image Retrieval using SIFT for binary and greyscale images. |
ICSIPA |
2013 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Daoshun Wang, Tao Song, Lin Dong, Ching-Nung Yang |
Optimal Contrast Greyscale Visual Cryptography Schemes with Reversing |
CoRR |
2012 |
DBLP BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Graham D. Finlayson, Toby N. Matheson |
A Closed Form Solution for the Brightness Preserving Colour to Greyscale Image Conversion. |
CIC |
2012 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Dariusz Frejlichowski |
An Experimental Evaluation of the Polar-Fourier Greyscale Descriptor in the Recognition of Objects with Similar Silhouettes. |
ICCVG |
2012 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Richard Beare, Paul T. Jackway |
On Computing Greyscale Morphology with Large Exact Spheres in Arbitrary Dimensions via 1-D Distance Transforms. |
DICTA |
2012 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, Asad I. Khan |
Distributed Multi-Feature Recognition Scheme for Greyscale Images. |
Neural Process. Lett. |
2011 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Dariusz Frejlichowski |
Identification of Erythrocyte Types in Greyscale MGG Images for Computer-Assisted Diagnosis. |
IbPRIA |
2011 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Dariusz Frejlichowski |
Application of the Polar-Fourier Greyscale Descriptor to the Problem of Identification of Persons Based on Ear Images. |
IP&C |
2011 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Anders Hast, Andrea Marchetti |
Retrospective Illumination Correction of Greyscale Historical Aerial Photos. |
ICIAP (2) |
2011 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | L. W. Thong, K. S. Sim, C. P. Tso |
Greyscale image magnification using edge-directed Lagrange time delay interpolation model. |
ICSIPA |
2011 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Ermanno Cordelli, Paolo Soda |
Methods for greyscale representation of HEp-2 colour images. |
CBMS |
2010 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Pavel Karas |
Efficient Computation of Morphological Greyscale Reconstruction. |
MEMICS |
2010 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Donald G. Bailey |
Efficient implementation of greyscale morphological filters. |
FPT |
2010 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Adib Parkar |
A Comparison of Kekre's Fast Search and Exhaustive Search for Various Grid Sizes Used for Colouring a Greyscale Image. |
ICSAP |
2010 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Colour Transfer, Palette, Colour Space, Colorization |
25 | Tracy Powell, Gordon W. Paynter |
Going Grey? Comparing the OCR Accuracy Levels of Bitonal and Greyscale Images. |
D Lib Mag. |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Lee Seng Yeong, Li-Minn Ang, King Hann Lim, Kah Phooi Seng |
Face Detection from Greyscale Images Using Details from Categorized Wavelet Coefficients as Features for a Dynamic Supervised Forward Propagation Network. |
Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell. |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Giuseppe Placidi |
Adaptive compression algorithm from projections: Application on medical greyscale images. |
Comput. Biol. Medicine |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Mark S. Drew, David Connah, Graham D. Finlayson, Marina Bloj |
Improved colour to greyscale via integrability correction. |
Human Vision and Electronic Imaging |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Kaleigh Smith, Pierre-Edouard Landes, Joëlle Thollot, Karol Myszkowski |
Apparent Greyscale: A Simple and Fast Conversion to Perceptually Accurate Images and Video. |
Comput. Graph. Forum |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Bara'a Ali Attea, Amina Dahim Aboud |
Evolutionary colourisation of greyscale images. |
Int. J. Adv. Media Commun. |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | David Connah, Graham D. Finlayson, Marina Bloj |
Seeing Beyond Luminance: A Psychophysical Comparison of Techniques for Converting Colour Images to Greyscale. |
CIC |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Lee Seng Yeong, Li-Minn Ang, Kah Phooi Seng |
Face Detection from Greyscale Images Using Details from Categorized Wavelet Coefficients as Features for a Dynamic Counterpropagation Network. |
CIS |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Mike Nachtegael, Stefan Schulte 0001, Dietrich Van der Weken, Valérie De Witte, Etienne E. Kerre |
Gaussian noise reduction in greyscale images. |
Int. J. Intell. Syst. Technol. Appl. |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Hesham Elzouka |
A New Robust and Secure Steganographic System for Greyscale Images. |
Security and Management |
2006 |
DBLP BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Carlos Phillips, Kaleem Siddiqi |
Greyscale Photograph Geometry Informed by Dodging and Burning. |
ICVGIP |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Alessandro Ledda, Hiêp Quang Luong, Wilfried Philips, Valérie De Witte, Etienne E. Kerre |
Greyscale Image Interpolation Using Mathematical Morphology. |
ACIVS |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Andrew Kingston, Imants D. Svalbe |
Adaptive Discrete Radon Transforms for Greyscale Images. |
Electron. Notes Discret. Math. |
2003 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Stephen Marshall |
Optimum non linear document restoration through linear greyscale operators. |
EUSIPCO |
2002 |
DBLP BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Stavros Paschalakis |
Moment methods and hardware architectures for high speed binary, greyscale and colour pattern recognition. |
|
2001 |
RDF |
|
25 | Hua Ye, Guang Deng, John C. Devlin |
Adaptive Linear Prediction for Lossless Coding of Greyscale Images. |
ICIP |
2000 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Debin Zhao, Y. K. Chan, Wen Gao 0001 |
Extending DACLIC for Near Lossless Compression with Postprocessing of Greyscale Images. |
Data Compression Conference |
1999 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Bernd Meyer 0001, Peter E. Tischer |
Extending TMW for Near Lossless Compression of Greyscale Images. |
Data Compression Conference |
1998 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Mat Newman |
A fundamental group for greyscale digital images. |
J. Math. Imaging Vis. |
1996 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | D. M. P. Hagyard, Moe Razaz, P. Atkin |
Analysis of watershed algorithms for greyscale images. |
ICIP (3) |
1996 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Paul D. Gader |
Separable decompositions and approximations of greyscale morphological templates. |
CVGIP Image Underst. |
1991 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
25 | Andrew M. Wallace |
Greyscale image processing for industrial applications. |
Image Vis. Comput. |
1983 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Graham D. Finlayson, Mark S. Drew, Cheng Lu 0009 |
Entropy Minimization for Shadow Removal. |
Int. J. Comput. Vis. |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Intrinsic images, Quadratic entropy, Entropy, Reflectance, Color, Illumination, Shadows, Illumination invariants |
16 | Ali Alsam |
Contrast Enhancing Colour to Grey. |
SCIA |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Tomoya Sakai 0002, Atsushi Imiya |
Validation of Watershed Regions by Scale-Space Statistics. |
SSVM |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Ran Tao 0011, P. Thomas Fletcher, Samuel Gerber, Ross T. Whitaker |
A Variational Image-Based Approach to the Correction of Susceptibility Artifacts in the Alignment of Diffusion Weighted and Structural MRI. |
IPMI |
2009 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Adrian N. Evans, David Gimenez |
Extending connected operators to colour images. |
ICIP |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Thang V. Le, Casimir A. Kulikowski, Ilya B. Muchnik |
A Graph-Based Approach for Image Segmentation. |
ISVC (1) |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Jirí Filip, Michal Haindl |
Fast and reliablePCA-based temporal segmentation of video sequences. |
ICPR |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Maria Axelsson |
Estimating 3D fibre orientation in volume images. |
ICPR |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Tomoya Sakai 0002, Atsushi Imiya |
Statistically Valid Graph Representations of Scale-Space Geometry. |
ICISP |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Jinqiu Sun, Yanning Zhang, Jiangbin Zheng, Lei Jiang 0015, Siwei You |
Small and dim moving target detection in deep space background. |
MMSP |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Guillaume Charpiat, Matthias Hofmann, Bernhard Schölkopf |
Automatic Image Colorization Via Multimodal Predictions. |
ECCV (3) |
2008 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Gayan Wijesinghe, Victor Ciesielski |
Using restricted loops in genetic programming for image classification. |
IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Walter Geisselhardt, Taswar Iqbal |
High-Capacity Invisible Background Encoding for Digital Authentication of Hardcopy Documents. |
IWDW |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Smart IDs, data tampering, entertainment tickets protection, printing scanning, 2-D Bar codes, HD-DataStripe, data encoding in background images, biometrics, watermarking, copy detection, counterfeiting, halftone images |
16 | Allan Hanbury |
Morphological Distinguished Regions. |
CIARP |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
distinguished region, repeatability, watershed, hierarchical segmentation |
16 | Tom Mélange, Vladimir Zlokolica, Stefan Schulte 0001, Valérie De Witte, Mike Nachtegael, Aleksandra Pizurica, Etienne E. Kerre, Wilfried Philips |
A New Fuzzy Motion and Detail Adaptive Video Filter. |
ACIVS |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Gregory S. Mayer, Edward R. Vrscay |
Iterated Fourier Transform Systems: A Method for Frequency Extrapolation. |
ICIAR |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Wafa Boussellaa, Abderrazak Zahour, Bruno Taconet, Adel M. Alimi, Abdellatif BenAbdelhafid |
PRAAD: Preprocessing and Analysis Tool for Arabic Ancient Documents. |
ICDAR |
2007 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Ying Zhang 0020, Adrian R. L. Travis |
A Projection-Based Multi-view Time-multiplexed Autostereoscopic 3D Display System. |
IV |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Digital Micro-mirror Device, Time-multiplexed 3D Display, Digital Light Processing, view-sequential 3D Display, Virtual Environment, Autostereoscopic Display, Projection Display |
16 | Alexandr Nedzved, Sergey Ablameyko 0001, Seiichi Uchida |
Gray-scale thinning by using a pseudo-distance map. |
ICPR (2) |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Oliver Sims, James Irvine 0001 |
An FPGA Implementation of Pattern-Selective Pyramidal Image Fusion. |
FPL |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Fabian Campbell-West, Paul Miller 0003, Hongbin Wang |
Independent Moving Object Detection Using a Colour Background Model. |
AVSS |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Ognjen Arandjelovic, Roberto Cipolla |
A New Look at Filtering Techniques for Illumination Invariance in Automatic Face Recognition. |
FGR |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Edward R. Vrscay |
Continuous Evolution of Fractal Transforms and Nonlocal PDE Imaging. |
ICIAR (1) |
2006 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
|
16 | Christopher R. Dance, Lixin Fan |
Color reconstruction in digital cameras: optimization for document images. |
Int. J. Document Anal. Recognit. |
2005 |
DBLP DOI BibTeX RDF |
Color reconstruction, Document cameras, Bayer pattern |